GUIDELINES
FOR WRITING REFERENCES There
are several acceptable but slightly different academic styles for referencing
sources when you present your bibliography. Books, journal articles, online
materials and other sources have slightly different referencing conventions.
One way to obtain guidelines for referencing in your own subject area
is to study the Style Guide given in academic journals. Select a journal
related to your own particular subject and refer to its style guide.
For
your FYP, it is important to check with your own department, course leader
or supervisor to find out if any internal guidelines exist. If so, these
should be followed.
The
most common referencing styles are Harvard, American Psychological Association
(APA), and Modern Language Association (MLA).
1.
Harvard
Book
Include the following information. The order is:
1) Author(s), editor(s) or the institution responsible for writing the
book.
2) Year of publication (in brackets).
3) Title and subtitle (if any) Underlined
or Highlighted or in Italics (be consistent
throughout the bibliography).
4) Series and individual volume number (if any).
5) Edition if not the first.
6) Place of publication if known.
7) Publisher.
e.g.
Mohr, L.B. (1996) Impact analysis for program evaluation. 2nd
ed. London, Sage.
Journal, newspaper
Include the following information. The order is:
1) Author of the article.
2) Year of publication (in brackets).
3) Title of the article.
4) Title of the journal, Underlined
or Highlighted or in Italics (be consistent
throughout the bibliography).
5) Volume and part number, month or season of the year.
6) Page numbers of article.
e.g.
Clarke, T.J. (1995) Freud's Cezanne. Representations, No 52,
Summer, pp.94-122.
Online materials
Include the following information. The order is:
1) Author/Editor.
2) Year of publication (in brackets).
3) Title. Underlined
or Highlighted or in Italics (be consistent
throughout the bibliography).
4) [Internet]
5) Edition.
6) Place of publication
7) Publisher (if available).
8) Available from: <URL> [date accessed].
e.g.
Griffith, A.I. 1995, Coordinating family and school: Mothering for
schooling, Education Policy Analysis Archives [Online], vol. 3, no.
1. Available: http://olam.ed.asu.edu/epaa/ (Accessed 7 February 2003).
For more details of the Harvard Referencing system, check out the ELC Harvard Referencing Guide: https://elc.polyu.edu.hk/referencing/harvard.aspx
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
The style is similar to that of Harvard but the following specific conventions
apply.
Hanging
Indents are required for citations in the reference list or bibliography,
as shown below. The first line starts at the left margin. All subsequent
lines are indented one Tab space.
Italicising is preferred for titles of books,
journals and videos, although underlining is also acceptable.
Book
Title is italicised.
e.g. |
Jayasuria, K. (2002). Capitalism
and power in Asia. Hong Kong: Routledge |
|
and Keegan Paul. |
|
|
Harlow, H. F. (1958). Biological
and biochemical basis of behavior. In D. C. |
|
Spencer Symposium on interdisciplinary
research (pp. 239-252). Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press. |
|
Journal, newspaper
Journal title and volume are italicised.
e.g. |
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals
for preparing psychology journal articles. |
|
Journal of Comparative
and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. |
|
Online materials
Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume, paging.
Accessed [month day, year] from [database name].
e.g. |
American Psychological Association.
(n.d.) APAStyle.org: Electronic |
|
References. Accessed
January 15, 2003, from http://www.apastyle.org |
|
For more details of the APA Referencing system, check out the ELC Harvard Referencing Guide: https://elc.polyu.edu.hk/referencing/APA.aspx
3.
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Book
Use a full stop followed by two spaces to separate the author's name,
the title (underlined or in italics) and the publication details,
like this:
Author(s). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
e.g.
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.
Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of criticism: four essays. Princeton:
Princeton UP, 1957.
Journal, newspaper,
magazine
Include the volume, issue, year, and pages, as appropriate. Place the
article title (in italics OR normal font, followed by a full
stop), in quotation marks. Underline the journal title. Separate the volume
and issue by a full stop. Place the year in parentheses, and use a colon
to separate the year from any page numbers, like this:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal. Vol
(Year): pages.
e.g.
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time.
20 Nov. (2000): 70-71.
Craner, Paul M. "New tool for an ancient art: computers and music".
Computers and the Humanities 25 (1991): 303-313.
Online materials
Author/editor (if given). Title of database/project/website/webpage (in
italics or not). Electronic publication information (e.g. version,
date of electronic publication, name of resposible body). Date of access
<URL>
e.g.
Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 December
1999. Purdue University. 7 February 2003 <http://omni.cc.purdue.edu%7Efelluga/theory2.html>.
The History Channel online. 1998. History Channel. 7 February 2003.
<http://historychannel.com/>
This website shows you how to write references using the MLA style:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ (accessed June 16, 2017)
4. Additional Links
This
website is the PolyU ELC's referencing site, telling you in detail how
to reference.
https://elc.polyu.edu.hk/referencing/
This
website, also from the ELC, automatically makes quotation references for
you.
https://elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/referenceMachine.aspx
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