Points:
Animal testing should be prohibited - because: Animal testing is bad science
 - because: The most vocal proponents of animal testing are the vested interests
 - because: Animal testing puts humans at risk
 - because: Animal testing does not produce accurate result
- because: Some drugs have dangerous side-effects that were not predicted by animal models
- because: Animal experimentation removes the animal from any natural context which could be applied to the living conditions of either the human or the animal
- because: In vivisection, the cutting itself, even without pain, will cause the tissues to react differently than an uncut tissue (Pietro (1999) )
- because: The conditions in which the tests are carried out may undermine the results, because of the stress the environment produces in the animals (Wikipedia (2019))
- because: Some animal models of disease are induced intentionally for research sake instead of infected from social environment
- because: The miserable torture involved in animal testing, notably vivisection, places the body in an unnatural state
- because: the pain induced will interfere with the accuracy of the results
- because: Pain experienced by an animal without adequate analgesia will produce compensatory reaction of the body as to distort any result (Hans (1989) )
- because: The analgesia, if administered, will represent a different set of circumstances within the creatures’ metabolism as to distort any result (Gill (2006) )
- but: The observations and artificial effects result can be taken into account and useful results obtained
- but: The animal’s reactions to pain can be discounted from the results (Pietro (1999) )
- because: Conditions under which the animal is experimented are clinical, not natural
 - but: The clinical conditions are necessary for accurate observation of the experimental model
- because: Some animal models of disease cannot be compared to the same disease in humans
- because: Some drugs appear to have different effects on human and non-human animals, e.g. aspirin (Wikipedia (2019))
- because: The human emotional and psychological factors governing how we cope with both illness and injury are not necessarily present in all species tested
 - but: The human emotional and psychological factors are not relevant to research
- because: Animal experimentation does not reveal anything about human health or illness
- because: results in animals are not comparable to those in humans
- because: the animal body differs in so many respects from that of the human
- because: the animal body differs in many other respects such as administering drugs, poisons, and diseases
- because: for example, varying the dosage in order to compensate for a different body size can generate artifacts which may be indeciphera (Croce (1999) )
- but: the differences between species to be very minor and not sufficient to invalidate the results obtained
- because: From many religious points of view, it is a diminishment of the human soul to perpetrate harm on animals
- but: (co) An outright rejection of animal experimentation is ethically equivalent to an outright rejection of other human uses of animals
 - because: It is cruel to inflict harm on an otherwise healthy animal
- but: not all tests inflict harm, so not all tests are cruel
- because: some tests are to show that a product is harmless
- because: if the animal is healthy, there is no reason to potentially sicken, injure, or kill the animal
- because: The suffering of animals is excessive in relation to whatever benefits may be reaped
- but: Even one single medical advance for humans is worth any number of animals
- but: Human beings have no moral right to use individual animals in ways that do not benefit that individual
- because: Humans are morally entitled to use animals for their own purposes
- because: Human enjoys categorically higher rights than any other animal does
- because: Animals cannot be regarded as possessor of moral rights
- but: The ability to suffer, not the ability to reason, must be the benchmark of how human treat other beings
- because: (co) Animals are sensitive beings
- because: If the ability to reason were the criterion, many human beings, including babies and disable people, would have to be treated as if they were things
- because: Animals do not have the capacity to make moral choices and cannot respect the rights of others or understand the concept of right
- because: Only human possesses rationality, other animals do not
- because: Animals do not process linguistic capacity
- because: Animals have no interest of their own and existed only for human benefits
- because: Animal welfare is given excessive importance
 - because: Basic human rights and human welfare are still lacking
- because: Conditions for fellow humans which are comparable to, if not worse than animals, should be improved before taking on the rights
 - but: Human suffering does not necessarily takes priority over nonhuman suffering
- but: Human interests and nonhuman interests are not always mutually exclusive
- but: Animal testing is indispensable for research and medical purposes
- because: Surgical procedures must be performed on the living animal
- because: Dead body begins to decay too quickly and the decayed tissue is thought to be of less use
- because: Animals testing is irreplaceable
- because: Testing usually involves control experiments
- because: There is no substitute for psychiatric studies that required behavioral data
- because: Alternatives to certain kinds of animal testing are unknown
- because: There is no substitute for the living systems necessary to study interaction among cells, tissue, and organs
- because: There is no substitute for studies of the infection of a host by lethal pathogens
- because: Animals are suitable for control experiments
- because: Animals can be confined in the laboratory
- but: Animals should not be confined
- because: Freedom of motion is the basic rights of any living being
- because: (co) animals are living beings
- but: Confining animals is normal; e.g. on farms and in zoos
- but: Most animals are not smart enough to escape an experiment lab, therefore it is safe in case of side effects of medications, or contagious diseases.
- but: Animal research can be replaced with modern alternatives such as computer simulations
 - but: they are not true alternatives
- because: simulations use data from prior animal experiments and cultured cells often require animal derived products, such as serum
- but: The most reliable tests use animals
- because: animals most closely duplicate complex interactions that occur in humans
- but: The alternative methods are still only being developed, whereas animal experimentation has a long history
- but: they are unlikely to ever provide enough information about the complex interactions of living systems
- because: Animal testing allows the study of several generations in a relatively short time
- because: Animals have shorter life and reproductive spans
- because: Human that use medicine derived from animal research are healthier (www.simr.org.uk)
- because: Animals can be bred especially for animal-testing purposes, meaning they arrive at the laboratory free from disease
- because: Animal research has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance for both human and animal health
- but: Animal research may not be necessary to achieves these results
- because: Many major developments that led to Nobel Prizes involved animal research, e.g. penicillin, (mice), organ transplant (dogs)
- because: (co) There is a moral imperative to develop medical and veterinary science for the relief of suffering
- because: Medical research is essential for developing safe and effective medical and veterinary treatments, requiring some studies using animals
- but: Tests are often conducted to produce academic papers or more funding instead of any benefit of the research
- because: There have been several examples of substances causing death or injury to human beings because of inadequate animal testing
- because: Animals are good surrogates because of their similarities to humans
- but: Animals do not always model human diseases accurately or in their entirety
- because: Transgenic models of disease can be made to obtain more accurate result and mechanism of human diseases
- because: It would be unethical to test substances or drugs with potentially adverse side-effects on human beings
- because: human possesses basic rights from harm and used as a means to an end
- because: Animals may suffer less during experiments than human beings would
 - but: the issue should not be weighed in utilitarian calculation
- because: animals also possess basic rights
- because: it is a moral issue
- because: Non-human mammals suffer less because they have a reduced capacity to remember and to anticipate pain
- but: There must be something to sacrifice for the processing of the human civilisation
- but: When you say this sentence, you should know the food on you table yesterday. Do not say you are vegetarian, plant is also a life.
- but: When animal testing is prohibited, experiments will be pushed to test on human body, or blocking all development of science.
- because: Animals are like my friends. I'm supposed to treat them in harmony. No such cruel testings should be operated on them.
- because: (co) cruelty is something that we should avoid
- because: committing acts of harm to an animal will cause psychological callousness to result from the habitual tolerance of harm infliction
 - but: There is no objective evidence of researchers being any more callous than the average person
- because: The activity of animal testing is of cruelty and sometimes unscientific (www.buzzle.com)
- but: Over 10 times more animals are used by humans for other purposes than are used in animal testing
- because: Animal research is inhumane and unnecessary
- but: Animal researches such as xenotransplantation are motivated by the desire to save human lives
 - because: Developments such as xenotransplanation are driven by the fact that the demand for human organs for clinical transplantation far exceeds supply (Wikipedia (2019))
- because: Many lab animals endure painful experiments in cramped/dirty conditions
- but: Animals can eventually receive more sophisticated medical care
- because: Animals test have led to advancement in veterinary medicine
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Show the whole discussion. (116 points)
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